Airline Passenger Security Screening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Airline Passenger Security Screening - Essay Example The security of the aviation sector has been significantly strengthened over the past several years through the efforts of the Federal government working with State, local, and tribal governments, the international community, and the private sector, but One of the major steps taken was when in June 2006 President ordered the development of a comprehensive National Strategy for Aviation Security in which the Secretary of Homeland Security, in accordance with challenges identified in NSPD-47 and HSPD-16, was to coordinate the operational implementation of seven supporting plans. These plans are Aviation Transportation System Security Plan, Aviation Operational Threat Response Plan, Aviation Transportation System Recovery Plan, Air Domain Surveillance and Intelligence Integration Plan, International Aviation Threat Reduction Plan, Domestic Outreach Plan, and International Outreach Plan. Other plans such as Alien Flight Student Program were also implemented (AFSP) to ensure that foreign students seeking training at flight schools regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are not to be given flight training until Secretary of Homeland Security first determines that doing so will not pose a threat to aviation or national security. Although such plans might seem rude, but it's a necessary impoliteness to ensure safety. Q2: The Q2: The greatest threat faced by the United States aviation after the tragic event of September 11, 2001 at present is terrorism, and this incident can serve as the best case in point of the amount of damage and chaos that can be caused due to threats to aviation security. This can also serve as an example as to how with enhancements in security measures, terrorists have also shown ability to evolve and exploit weaknesses, and the amount of damage they can cause due to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. All aircraft are under threat of onboard bombs, hijacking and use of standoff weapons, and these aircrafts can also be used as weapons to disrupt aviation transport system as mentioned in above example. Use of such unconventional attack methods by terrorists is not a recent phenomenon. Decade of 1970s has been a witness to it. Hijacking of Trans World Airlines Flight 847 in 1985; hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in 1986 in Karachi, Pakistan; the destruction of Pan Am Flight 103 over Scotland in 1988 are just a few examples of religious extremism and state-sponsored terrorism. Interest to instigate terrorism can lie with terrorist groups, who are politically and religiously motivated, and kill civilians indiscriminately to fuel propaganda campaigns. Over time their capabilities have increased due to advancement in technology. It can lie with hostile nations, who have aggressive intentions and support terrorism. Some nations which are politically and economically weak, have weak infrastructure and leadership, can be host to terrorist groups unknowingly. Some domestic criminals with detailed knowledge of aviation sector can also be a great threat if exploited by external elements. Thus it is the need of the hour that United States take preemptive measures to counter terrorism threats, because although financial loss is great and can be recovered, but lives lost have no price. Q3: In United States, airport security is not controlled centrally, but is managed at state or local

Social Work in Evidence Based Practice Essay Example for Free

Social Work in Evidence Based Practice Essay Mining Report: Social Work in Evidence Based Practice The purpose of social work is to demonstrate to society the necessary appropriateness of social welfare. Society operates from a capitalist standpoint, which in turn establishes a hierarchy within economic class, race, and gender. Social work is a profession that addresses social problems with empathy, empirical knowledge, and respect for humanity. Furthermore, the orientation of the core values of the social work profession was designed as an instructional tool and requires that social workers meet specific requirements that follow the direction of the social work profession. Social workers are expected to provide services to help clients function in society, and are also required to put effort into social justice and practice awareness concerning integrity and competence. Expectations are highly placed on social workers displaying dignity and worth and understanding the value of human relationship. One of the main purposes of social work is providing service. Regardless of what the action may be one will still be providing some kind of service There are negative aspects that could result in a social worker not being effective. Without respecting clients, being aware of personal biases, and setting realistic goals social workers. Such actions may have sanctions as results of these actions. The first definition of sanction as it applies to social work is the approval to perform certain tasks that are outlined by the social work profession. The second definition of sanctions is intended to impose negative consequences on the social worker who fails to comply with recommended corrective actions or who has committed serious violations of the NASW Code of Ethics (National Association of Social Workers, 2005). According to Sheafor Horejsi (2004) there are four main sources for providing social work sanctions. Government agencies authorize legislation that creates social programs, provide funding for social work activities, and licensing of orga nization that employ social workers, as well as the licensing and regulation of individual social work practitioners. Next there  are the private human services organizations they sanction with their hiring practices of a social worker. Third, is the National Association of Social Workers sanction includes demanding social workers compliance to the code of ethics. Lastly, sanction will occur through clients. Clients that seek the services of social workers demonstrate sanctions (Sheafor Horejsi, 2006). Individual social workers are sanctioned with two methods. The first method of sanction for a social worker is to acquire licenses from the Academy of Certified Social Workers. Social workers must be current NASW membership and possess a master’s degree in social work from a school accredited by the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE). Next, two year documentation two years of postgraduate social work employment and professional supervision by an MSW credentialed supervisor must be acquired. Then the social worker must provide professional evaluations that validate their knowledge, under standing, and application of social work principles and values from an MSW supervisor and two social work colleagues. Lastly, social workers need verification of 20 hours of relevant continuing education; and agreement to adhere to the NASW Code of Ethics and NASW Standards for Continuing Professional Education, and are subject to the NASW adjudication process (National Association of Social Workers, 2008). According to the National Association of Social Workers 2005 individual social workers that are being penalized are sanction by the NASW through Publication in the NASW NEWS and/or the Chapter newsletter of the adjudication findings, conclusions, and sanctions imposed. Sanctions include suspension of membership or expulsion from membership in NASW and the ACSW standing or other NASW issued credentials, including forfeiture of dues or fees paid. Also, individuals are sanctioned through revocation of ACSW standing or other NASW issued credentials, including forfeiture of dues or fees paid. Sanctions can occur with notification to state regulatory boards, of adjudication findings, conclusions, and sanctions imposed and removal from the Register of Clinical Social Workers. Individuals can be sanction with notification to credentialing bodies, societies, and specialized practice groups in which the individual may hold membership, of adjudication findings, conclusions, and sanctions impose d. Lastly, sanctions can occur with a Letter of censure, notification to Respondent’s malpractice insurer of findings and conclusions and notification to the Disciplinary Action  Reporting System (administered by the Association of Social Work Boards) of findings and conclusions (National Association of Social Workers, 2005). References National Association of Social Workers, (2008). Academy of Certified Social Workers New Applicants Only. Retrieved August 28, 2008, Web site: http://www.socialworkers.org/credentials/credentials/acsw.asp National Association of Social Workers, (2005).NASW procedures for professional review. Sheafor, B, Horejsi, C (2006). Techniques and Guidelines for Social Work Practice.Boston: Pearson Education Inc. National Association of Social Workers, (2008). Evidence-Based Practice. Retrieved September 1, 2008, Web site: http://www.socialworkers.org/research/nasw/Research/0108EvidenceBasedPractice/default.asp

Benefits and Applications of Sports Psychology

Benefits and Applications of Sports Psychology 1. Introduction Currently, sport psychologists utilize numerous interventions and techniques intended to enhance the performance of athletes in competition, one of which is the cognitive approach. (Greenspan Feltz, 1989). Focusing on the understanding of information and the relationship between concepts will allow the sports psychologist to be able to enhance teaching, learning, knowledge, regulation and performance. (Glassman Hadad, 2009). 2. Skills Attainment and Performance Enhancement Metacognitive knowledge includes knowledge about oneself as a learner and the factors that might impact performance, knowledge about strategies, and knowledge about when and why to use strategies. This component of metacognition would be used with the novice sports person. An elite sports person would not only utilise metacognitive knowledge but also metacognitive regulation through the monitoring of one’s thinking , planning activities, awareness of understanding and task performance, and evaluation of the effectiveness of monitoring processes and strategies. (Livingston, 1997) 2.1 Novice Sports Person Fitts Posner (1967), advise that there are 3 phases of acquiring new skills: the cognitive phase, associative phase and autonomous phase. During the cognitive phase I would discuss with the client what the mechanics of the sport were such other recognised achievements by other people in that sporting field, environment such as running track or stadium, clothing, physical attributes of how the body performs and the correct techniques, and the movement involved. I would assist the client in in forming a mental picture or as Tolman (1932) describes, a cognitive map of all of the components of the sport and the relationship between them. Practicing the new sport with guidance, corrective action and coach feedback would be used during the associative phase. This would assist the client in developing an understanding of what works for them. During the autonomous phase, the skill in the sport would be mastered and become an automatic response. 2.2 Elite Sports Person: Olympian The overall objective is to equip the athletes with the psychological tools to maximize their chances to perform as close as possible to their potential in the Olympic Games. An elite sportsperson has either an innate ability or has achieved a high level of performance through determination, effort and practice or both. Getting into a flow mindset (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) can help athletes to consistently achieve optimal performance. To enhance performance we would use metacognitive regulation and evaluate the effectiveness of the existent strategies. Suinn (1987) discusses techniques for performance enhancement which includes relaxation training followed by rehearsal using imagery. This type of intervention usually started with an explanation session then training in progressive muscle relaxation that allowed the sports person to alternatively tense and then relax muscles. The use of visualisation and guided imagery may help control pain, reduce anxiety levels, and develop positive attitudes as well as self-awareness. (Handegard et al, 2006). Le Van (2009) discusses how mental imagery impacts many cognitive processes in the brain: motor control, attention, perception, planning, and memory. The brain is also getting trained for actual performance during visualization. 3. Evaluation of Effectiveness To determine effectiveness of the technique, in the case of the novice, I would get them to discuss and reflect on their thinking process (Bransford et al, 2000). We would work through what it means to learn, awareness of one’s strengths and weaknesses with specific skills, plan what’s required to accomplish a specific learning goal or activity, identifying and correcting errors, and preparing ahead for learning processes. The elite sportsperson would be required to undergo debriefing after competition, and reflection on the strategies in action. Monitoring would be used to determine the effectiveness and whether modification or relearning was required for any of the existing strategies. 4. Personal Attainment of a New Skill As an adult I enjoy learning on an as needed basis and as such motivation is never a problem. I learn because something has caused me to want to know more information. My preferred style of learning is a staged approach. At first I prefer to do some reading about a particular topic or set of instructions and then have a teacher/instructor demonstrate the task or activity. I find that participating in an activity with hands-on experience helps to do problem solving and embed the knowledge. I then like to practice the task until it is mastered. I also reflect on each stage and review what I have learnt. My learning style seems to be a combination of many styles: behaviourist, such as mastering the content; cognitivist, where I can problem solve and deal with the facts, and constructivist, where I use reflection (Ertmer Newby, 1993) 5. Conclusion Using a cognitive approach in a learning environment, or to equip athletes with an understanding of their physical and psychological functioning, and building the ability to implement a range of strategies in competition, enables learners as well as athletes to both execute their skills and thrive under pressure as they strive to reach their performance potential. (Anderson, 2014) References Anderson, R. (2014) Faster, higher, psychologically stronger: Sport psychology at the London Olympic Games. Retrieved November 12th 2014 from Australian Psychological Society website: http://www.psychology.org.au/Content.aspx?ID=4986. Bransford, J.D., Brown, A L., and Cocking, R.R. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Row. Ertmer, P. and Newby, T. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6 (4), 50-72. Retrieved November 12th 2014, from http://uow.ico5.janison.com/ed/subjects/edgi911w/readings/ertmerp1.pdf Fitts, P. M., Posner, R. M. I. (1967)Human performance.Oxford, England: Brooks and Cole. Glassman, W.E and Haddad, M (2009) Approaches to Psychology (5th Ed.) Open University Press. Greenspan, M.J. Feltz, D.L. (1989) Psychological Interventions With Athletes in Competitive Situations: A Review. The Sport Psychologist, 3, 219-236 Handegard, L.A., Joyner, A.B., Burke, K.L., Reimann, B. (2006) Relaxation and Guided Imagery in the Sport Rehabilitation Journal of Excellence (11) Retrieved November 11th 2014 from Zone of Excellence website: http://www.zoneofexcellence.ca./Journal/Issue11/index.html LeVan, A.J. (2009) Seeing Is Believing: The Power of Visualization. Retrieved November 12th 2014 from Psychology Today website: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/flourish/200912/seeing-is-believing-the-power-visualization. Livingston, J.A (1997) Metacognition: An Overview. Retrieved November 10th 2014 from State University of New York at Buffalo website: http://gse.buffalo.edu/fas/shuell/cep564/metacog.htm Suinn, R. (1987). Psychological approaches to performance enhancement. In J.R. May M.J. Asken (Eds.), Sport psychology: The psychological health of the athlete (pp. 59-76). New York: PMA Publ. Tolman, E.C. (1932) Purposive Behaviour in Animals and Man. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts

The Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong Essay -- Literary Analysis, OBrie

â€Å"And then one morning, all alone, Mary Anne walked off into the mountains and did not come back† (110). Tim O’Brien’s short story â€Å"The Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong† presents an all-American girl who has been held back by social and behavioral norms – grasping for an identity she has been deprived the ability to develop. The water of the Song Tra Bong removes Mary Anne’s former notion of being as she, â€Å"stopped for a swim† (92). With her roles being erased Mary Anne becomes obsessed with the land and mystery of Vietnam and is allowed to discover herself. Through the lenses of Mark Fossie and the men in the Alpha Company, Mary Anne becomes an animal and is completely unrecognizable by the end of the story. Mary Anne, however, states she is happy and self-aware. The men of the Alpha Company argue for virtue in that Mary Anne was â€Å"gone† (107) and that what she was becoming â€Å"was dangerous†¦ ready for the kill† (112). They did not want to accept a woman becoming something different from what women always were. In â€Å"How Tell to a True War Story† we are told that a true war story â€Å"does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior† (65). Mary Anne did not truly become ‘dark’, because to her this is not a story about war; this is a story about a woman attempting to overcome gender roles and the inability of men to accept it. When Mary Anne begins interacting with the land and the material culture of war we are introduced to her curious nature. She would â€Å"listen carefully† (91) and was intrigued by the land and its mystery. Vietnam was like Elroy Berdahl to her in the beginning in that it did not speak, it did not judge, it was simply there. Vietnam saved Mary Anne’s life. Like Elroy, â€Å"[Vietnam] was the t... ...eauty, law into anarchy, civility into savagery†¦ the only certainty is overwhelming ambiguity† (78). According to story truth Mary Anne gave into darkness and became cold, but story truth does not matter. The absolute truth is much more dark and sad than that. Mary Anne struggled to define herself in a place that gave her the opportunity. Fossie’s stubbornness and inability to accept Mary Anne’s journey, however, led to her being consumed by ambiguous darkness. Is the final truth for Mary Anne similar to Curt Lemon’s? If â€Å"[a] thing [can] happen and be a total lie; [and] another thing may not happen and be truer than the truth† (80), then maybe the final truth for Mary Anne was that she really did â€Å"know exactly who [she was]† (106). The ending of Mary Anne’s story could have been beautiful and civil to her, but ugly and chaotic to you, and that was her liberation. The Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong Essay -- Literary Analysis, O'Brie â€Å"And then one morning, all alone, Mary Anne walked off into the mountains and did not come back† (110). Tim O’Brien’s short story â€Å"The Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong† presents an all-American girl who has been held back by social and behavioral norms – grasping for an identity she has been deprived the ability to develop. The water of the Song Tra Bong removes Mary Anne’s former notion of being as she, â€Å"stopped for a swim† (92). With her roles being erased Mary Anne becomes obsessed with the land and mystery of Vietnam and is allowed to discover herself. Through the lenses of Mark Fossie and the men in the Alpha Company, Mary Anne becomes an animal and is completely unrecognizable by the end of the story. Mary Anne, however, states she is happy and self-aware. The men of the Alpha Company argue for virtue in that Mary Anne was â€Å"gone† (107) and that what she was becoming â€Å"was dangerous†¦ ready for the kill† (112). They did not want to accept a woman becoming something different from what women always were. In â€Å"How Tell to a True War Story† we are told that a true war story â€Å"does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior† (65). Mary Anne did not truly become ‘dark’, because to her this is not a story about war; this is a story about a woman attempting to overcome gender roles and the inability of men to accept it. When Mary Anne begins interacting with the land and the material culture of war we are introduced to her curious nature. She would â€Å"listen carefully† (91) and was intrigued by the land and its mystery. Vietnam was like Elroy Berdahl to her in the beginning in that it did not speak, it did not judge, it was simply there. Vietnam saved Mary Anne’s life. Like Elroy, â€Å"[Vietnam] was the t... ...eauty, law into anarchy, civility into savagery†¦ the only certainty is overwhelming ambiguity† (78). According to story truth Mary Anne gave into darkness and became cold, but story truth does not matter. The absolute truth is much more dark and sad than that. Mary Anne struggled to define herself in a place that gave her the opportunity. Fossie’s stubbornness and inability to accept Mary Anne’s journey, however, led to her being consumed by ambiguous darkness. Is the final truth for Mary Anne similar to Curt Lemon’s? If â€Å"[a] thing [can] happen and be a total lie; [and] another thing may not happen and be truer than the truth† (80), then maybe the final truth for Mary Anne was that she really did â€Å"know exactly who [she was]† (106). The ending of Mary Anne’s story could have been beautiful and civil to her, but ugly and chaotic to you, and that was her liberation.

Jymique Easter

Easter is celebrated the world over to mark the resurrection of Jesus Christ†. Also Easter is observed any. Veer between March 22 and April 25 of every year. Also a good question is what does the word Easter even mean, Who started this tradition, and where did it come from, and why was it made Foster 2 Television Networks tells all about Easter and why we celebrate it. It tells that celebrate Easter because of Jesus Christ resurrection. In this website it tells about how Easter is called a movable feast because it does not fall on a set date every year.I can SE this source very effectively in my paper because it tells about the origins of Easter. â€Å"Easter. † History. Com. Television Networks, n. D 28 Septet. 2014. In History. Com. A&E In this website it tells about the dates of Easter, and this is helpful information considering that Easter does not fall on the same date every year. In fact this source does not just help me, and it helps all the people out there who want to know what day Easter falls on. In this source it also talks about how Easter is a â€Å"blessed time for the faithful to celebrate life, death and resurrection for the savior. † â€Å"Easter 2014 Dates.Easter Dates for 2014 and Information. N. P. , n. D. Web 28 Septet. 2014. An this website it talks about the origins, the meanings, and practices of Easter, and it says that â€Å"Both Christian and Pagans have celebrated death and resurrection themes Foster 3 following the Spring Equinox for millennia. † can use this source as a very powerful tool in my research paper since it goes deep down into the practices of Easter. â€Å"Origins, Meaning and practices of Easter. â€Å"Easter. N. P. , n. D. Web 28 septet. 2014. While researching the holiday Easter, I have found some very helpful information for me and everybody else to understand Easter a little bit more.I have learned a lot of interesting things about Easter such as when it started, why it started, and why it is so important. â€Å"Easter is a day that is honored by nearly all contemporary Christianity and is used to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ†. Easter usually involves a family gathering followed by a big feast with a Easter ham for everybody to enjoy. Also some family go to church for early service to start off their Easter Sunday. Last but not least, just about every family has a Easter Egg hunt to finish off there Easter Sunday.A Easter egg hunt is when the a family boils eggs, then decorates the eggs with fancy designs. After that they hide the eggs around their neighborhoods, yards, parks, or where ever the family thinks is a good place to hide the Easter Eggs. That is Foster 4 when all the children go scavenging for the decorative Easter Eggs. Most people do not know why they color or hide Easter eggs. The egg was a sacred symbol among the Babylonians. The Babylonians believed that a large egg fell from the Euphrates River, an that the Goddess Stare wa s hatched. So the after that the egg came to be symbolized as the Goddess â€Å"Easter'.The name Easter has its roots in polytheistic religions, most people prefer to say Resurrection Day rather than Easter. As you know Easter falls on different dates every year in the months of March or April. The chosen date comes from a formula established by the Roman Emperor Sophistication The Great an the Council of Niece in A. D. 325. You can use this formula to find Out the date that Easter fall on every year. â€Å"According to this rule the latest possible date for Resurrection Sunday is April 25, next occurring in 2038. The earliest is March 22, in 2285. So you see there is a lot of history to Easter.

Coca Cola and Pepsi Essay

Pepsi Cola and Coca Cola has been in the cola wars for centuries now. They had strategies to stay in the business competitively; both companies did their best to stay up by making contracts with celebrities, making banners and posters, TV commercials. Pepsi Cola and Coca Cola has the same core benefit for their products, which is to quench the thirst of their consumers as well as selling a non-alcoholic soft drink. Core benefit is the fundamental need or want that consumers satisfy by consuming the product or service. The Coca Cola products are constantly produced in a red background with Coca Cola writing. Conversely, Pepsi products are packaged with their blue writing. Brand knowledge is important for the health of the company. The Coca Cola brand was worth $79 billion in the year 2013 in comparison to Pepsi Cola brand, which was only $17 million worth. A consumer from a different country can identify a Coca Cola product, even though it’s in a foreign language and they may s till recognize the product immediately. Coca Cola is much more widely available than Pepsi. Coca Cola creates a sort of convenience for consumers for being widely available thus getting the loyalty of the consumers. There is a higher demand for Coca Cola than Pepsi thus restaurants are more favorable towards Coca Cola. For example, McDonalds is providing Coca Cola, but KFC and Hardees provide Pepsi. Pepsi has always had the younger generation in mind. Their advertising and marketing strategies are fixed to target teens aged 14 or even younger with a fun and most often interlaced with music. This is evident over the years as Pepsi had musical celebrities like Michael Jackson, Britney Spears and now Beyonce. Coca Cola also targets diversifying their audience and taking geographical aspects in high consideration as they target the world filled with different cultures. The ingredients of these products also can be differentiated as Pepsi has slightly more sugar, caffeine and calories while Coca Cola has slightly more sodium. Coca Cola is a much fizzier drink due to its high percentage of carbonation in comparison to Pepsi. In Kazakhstani market Coca Cola is preferred more than Pepsi. As it was already mentioned, everyone can find Coca Cola everywhere, even far from populated cities. Also, Coca Cola is open to present the process of its creation.